RetroShape: Leveraging Rear-Surface Shape Displays for 2.5D Interaction on Smartwatches
summary
Proposes adding a deformable rear watch surface that maps each screen pixel to a tactile taxel and demonstrates a wearable prototype built from micro servo motors driving a 4×4 10mm taxels array that sits behind a 2" TFT. Two psychophysics studies find a taxel can represent objects at 70%–138% of its physical size and visual and haptic stimuli remain perceived as co‑located within 4.5mm–16.2mm separation. Prototype beats a vibrotactile motor for realism and runs tactile games and a video editor.
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