Bitcoin Transaction Malleability Theory in Practice
summary
Explains the concrete exploit: grab a pending raw transaction hex, edit the scriptSig by inserting OP_PUSHDATA2 and a zero byte while updating the overall length, rebroadcast the mutated TX to enough peers to win the race and get it mined instead of the original; this causes the original ID to become unusable so an exchange believing the original TX failed issues a second payout. Demo shows raw tx hex parsing and a live 30→60 mcoin demo, authors provide a tool and note a client-side patch that drops nonstandard pushdata.
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