4DMesh: 4D Printing Morphing Non-Developable Mesh Surfaces
summary
Method combines shrinkage-based actuator and bending-based actuator designs with inverse-flattening algorithms to 4D print flat PLA meshes that morph into non-developable surfaces when heated (~60°C). Workflow uses a Stacker S4 FDM printer, outputs G-code, prints joints and beams with varied infill to create actuators and passive blocks, then triggers shape change in sugar‑doped hot water for neutral buoyancy. Builds include lamp shades, a two‑part chair seat (holds for roughly a month before failing), a fruit plate and shoulder armor (face shield bends >180°); shrinkage gives stronger outlines, bending gives larger curvature.
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