What Limits the Efficiency of Natural Selection?
summary
Argues that overall limits on selection come from measurable quantities not buzzwords, using population- and quantitative-genetic formulas: human genome ~3×10^9 bp with ≥10^8 under selection, insecticide resistance evolving via 3 substitutions in ~15 years, and deleterious mutation load scaling with total U (estimates ~60 mutations per diploid). Shows sexual recombination, epistasis and small s (n s ≈1) let many weak substitutions fix without huge load, cites 2N_e and substitution-rate bounds (~1/30–1/100 gen⁻¹) and introduces fitness-flux Nφ as an information bound.
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