Air-Gap security
summary
Demonstrations show air-gapped machines leak data over heat, sound, light and radio: HVAC-driven thermal signaling yields about 40 bits per hour for opcode-style commands; adjacent machines use BitWhisper; fan modulation reaches roughly 15 bits per minute at ~8 m; hard-disk seek noise and hidden-screen frames exfiltrate images and QR codes; AirHopper emits FM tones at ~10 bytes/sec across 8–20 m and USB cable emissions hit about 80 bytes/sec at 2–3 m. Practical mitigations include zoning and device bans, tape/LED masking, securing HVAC portals, sensor anomaly detection, Faraday shielding and signal jamming.
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chapters (13)
- 0:00Introduction
- 0:38What is an AirGap network
- 5:15Thermal Channels
- 10:37BitWhisper
- 14:18Ultrasonic
- 16:10Fans Meter
- 20:15Disk filtration
- 22:43Optical channels
- 25:49Image concealment
- 28:42Radio channels
- 34:05GSM
- 40:40USB
- 43:57Conclusion
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