State of Circularity
summary
Global material use hits 100 billion tons a year while measured circularity sits at 7.2%, and humanity is breaching five of seven planetary boundaries. Modeling shows cutting material use by ~30% and doubling circularity can return within safe limits. Four interventions — narrow (use less), slow (keep products longer), regenerate (renewables and biobased), and cycle (high‑value recycling) — applied to food, built environment, mobility and consumables are the levers; city example: Munich uses 32 tons per capita versus a safe budget near 8.
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